植物铝胁迫发生机制及其内在缓解途径研究进展

本文总结了土壤中铝的存在形式及其化学行为,分析了以针叶人工林为例的诱发植物铝胁迫效应的内外部机制,以及铝胁迫在不同生态水平上对植物生长的影响。比较了环境铝胁迫下,植物体自身缓解环境铝威胁的不同途径。     

Profiles and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in drinking water sources and treatment plants,East China

This study is the first report describing the occurrence of 15 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the three typical water sources of YiXing City, Taihu Upper-River Basin, East China. The fate of target PAEs in the Jiubin drinking water treatment plant (JTP) was also analyzed. The amounts of Σ₁₅PAE in the Hengshan (HS), Youche (YC), and Xijiu (XJ) water sources were relatively moderate, with mean values of 360, 357, and 697 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAE concentration, making up 80% of the 15 total PAEs. The highest levels of Σ₁₅PAE were found in HS, YC, and XJ in March 2015, January 2015, and July 2014, respectively. The occurrence and concentrations of these compounds were spatially dependent, and the mean concentrations of Σ₁₅PAE in HS, YC, and XJ samples increased from the surface layer to the bottom layer with varied percentage increases. The removal efficiency of the PAEs in the finished water varied markedly, and the removal of PAEs by the JTP ranged from 12.8 to 64.5%. The potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that the risk of PAEs was relatively low in these three water sources. However, risks posed by PAEs due to drinking water still exist; therefore, special attention should be paid to source control in the JTP, and advanced treatment processes for drinking water supplies should be implemented.

     

Enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride on flavonoid synthesis of soybean seedlings under enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

In order to probe into the enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃) on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, the effects of LaCl₃ (20 and 60 mg l^?1) on the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate?:?coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and chalcone synthase (CHS) in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) were investigated. Enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) caused the increase in the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of 20 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ also efficiently increased these indices, which promoted the flavonoid synthesis and provided protective effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. On the contrary, the treatment of 60 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ decreased the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings except increasing the activity of PAL, which were not beneficial to the flavonoid synthesis and provided negative effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. In conclusion, enhanced UV-B radiation caused the increase in the flavonoid synthesis by promoting the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of LaCl₃ could change flavonoid synthesis in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation by regulating the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS, which is an enzymological mechanism for the regulation of LaCl₃ on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

Using enriched stable isotope technique to study Cu bioaccumulation and bioavailability in Corbicula fluminea from Taihu Lake,China

In this study, we measured trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water and sediment from representative sites of Taihu Lake, with focus on the analysis of trace metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea (bivalve). The results showed that the quality of water in Taihu Lake was generally good and the correlation was not found between Cu bioaccumulation in C. fluminea and the concentration in water and sediment. Thus, using the stable isotope tracer method, we studied Cu uptake from the water phase, the assimilation of Cu from the food phase, and the efflux of Cu in vivo by C. fluminea. The result revealed that this species exhibited a relatively lower efflux rate constant of Cu compared with other zoobenthos species. Using a simple bioenergetics-based kinetic model, Cu concentrations in the C. fluminea were calculated with the measured efflux rate. We put forward a novel method, which was taking the influence of biological kinetic on metal bioaccumulation into account to explain the field survey data.     

PTFE中空纤维膜直接接触式膜蒸馏过程抗污染性能

通过研究不同原水对直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的影响,考察了聚四氟乙烯膜对无机盐、胶体和有机物的抗污染性能。研究表明,在35 g/L氯化钠溶液的4倍浓缩过程中,PTFE膜的相对通量降低至0.72;与碳酸钙饱和溶液的浓缩过程相比,由于溶解度的差异,硫酸钙饱和溶液浓缩过程中晶体析出量更多,通量衰减也更为严重;浓缩硅溶胶时,二氧化硅单体聚合并吸附于膜面从而引起膜通量的衰减,随着浓缩的进行,料液p H值不断上升,使得胶体体系愈加稳定,浓缩到2.6倍后相对通量没有随着浓缩倍数的增加出现明显下降,维持在0.73左右;腐殖酸在水中表现出的亲水性和电负性使其难以在具有较强疏水性的聚四氟乙烯膜表面上形成滤饼层,浓缩过程中相对通量始终保持在0.9以上。     

用于有界波模拟器的紧凑型纳秒脉冲源

随着电磁武器的发展,核电磁脉冲及其工程防护技术受到各国的普遍关注。为模拟电磁脉冲环境,研制了一台紧凑型纳秒脉冲源,与有界波模拟器配合可产生的双指数波形前沿~1.6ns,脉宽42ns,幅值可达60kV。本文介绍了脉冲源的设计与调试结果。     

磁性活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解水中甲基橙

通过浸渍法制备了钕铁硼磁性活性炭(Nd Fe B/AC),采用SEM和VSM技术对其进行了表征,并将其作为非均相催化剂用于臭氧氧化降解水中甲基橙(MO)。表征结果显示:Nd Fe B/AC具有硬磁特性;当m(Nd Fe B)∶m(AC)=1∶2时,其比饱和磁化强度和比剩余磁化强度分别为15.9 A·m2/kg和6.0 A·m2/kg,矫顽力可达104.5k A/m。实验结果表明:在Nd Fe B/AC投加量为3.0 g/L、初始溶液p H为5.0、初始MO质量浓度为20 mg/L、臭氧质量浓度为15.0 mg/L、室温的条件下反应40 min,MO降解率达93.9%,显著优于投加AC的64.4%;AC和Nd Fe B/AC催化臭氧氧化降解MO的反应过程均遵循一级动力学规律,且Nd Fe B/AC的反应速率常数为AC的近3倍。     

活性炭固定床吸附分离溶液中表面活性剂和多环芳烃

利用活性炭固定床吸附分离表面活性剂和多环芳烃(PAH)的混合溶液,选取了具代表性的表面活性剂(TX100)和PAH(菲(PHE)等)。实验结果表明,流量越低、活性炭填充量越多、表面活性剂浓度越高、PAH浓度越低,越有利于表面活性剂的回收和PAH的去除。定义了有效回收时间,该时间是指PAH穿透10%的时间与表面活性剂穿透90%的时间之差,该时间越长,越有利于表面活性剂的回收。采用BDST和Thomas模型对TX100和PHE进行了吸附模拟,效果均较好;BDST模型拟合结果表明,当活性炭对TX100的吸附接近饱和时仍对PHE有较强的吸附能力。活性炭固定床吸附分离法可节约运行成本0.06元/L。     

磷酸法制备杏核壳活性炭及对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

利用饮料厂废弃杏核壳制备活性炭，对含Cr（Ⅵ）废水进行吸附实验研究，达到废物资源化的目的。介绍了活性炭制备过程，用电镜观察活性炭的形貌，并测得碘吸附值为1 354 mg/g。研究杏核壳活性炭吸附含Cr（Ⅵ）废水结果显示，当吸附时间为3 h、溶液pH为3、吸附温度25℃时，活性炭饱和吸附量达12.5 mg/g，有效去除废水中Cr（Ⅵ）。杏核壳活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）符合Langmuir吸附模型（R² =0.9944）和Freundlich模型（R² =0.9462）。对Cr（Ⅵ）的动态去除率可达99.68%。     

初级基质对降解菌Pseudomonasputida共代谢苯扎贝特的影响

通过对3，5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定还原糖含量各影响因素的筛选，优化确定了显色时间8min，稳定时间10min，最佳波长490nm下进行吸光度测定的检测方法；分析分别以葡萄糖和麦芽糖作为外加碳源时，降解菌Pseudo—monasputidaB-31的生长情况和共代谢降解典型药物苯扎贝特（BZF）的过程。结果表明，降解菌只有在外加碳源的条件下才可正常生长，而且其在葡萄糖环境中生长得更好；拟合得到的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和BZF代谢动力学结果显示，葡萄糖对BZF去除的促进作用更为明显，同时从葡萄糖培养基中降解菌所提取的酶比活力要高于麦芽糖培养基，分析原因可能是葡萄糖所诱导的降解菌关键酶活力更强，而且还可能会产生不同的蛋白质点位。